@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ The fact remains that, for the first time in the history of colonization, probab
It is a productive apparatus created for Algerian national needs, offering four times more jobs than before independence and on the way to a largely integrated structure, which the opening to the “market” neutralizes from 1978-1980 before sterilizing and eroding it, again destructuring Algerian society.
During the previous eighteen years, during which Algeria had hardly remained linked to international capitalism except by the exchange of 95 to 98\% of its hydrocarbons for imports, mainly of equipment (for more than a third) and (for all that) of raw materials and semi-finished products, the production of energy (and above all electricity) had been multiplied by 7.
Industrial production, especially public production, diversified, had seen its value more than tripled and satisfy for more than half its own demand, that of agriculture, construction and consumers; that of agriculture, despite the decline of the vine with the closure of its subsidized market, had remained constant, but for a population almost doubled and with increased requirements.
Oil exports ($8 billion) accounted for only 15\% of GDP, quadrupled since independence, which represented per capita, 2.3 times that of Tunisia, 4 times that of Morocco.
Oil exports (\$8 billion) accounted for only 15\% of GDP, quadrupled since independence, which represented per capita, 2.3 times that of Tunisia, 4 times that of Morocco.
The distribution of creations, planned to rebalance between regions and between rural and urban areas, employment and settlement, implied the acceptance of additional costs increased by the demand for housing and social needs: primary school enrolment increased to 75 per cent (60 per cent for girls), average enrolment to 40 per cent, secondary school to 25 per cent.
It is by giving the classic weapon of colonial control, the debt, contracted to respond by importing to shortages born of increased demand and turn a “non-competitive” production towards a diversification of exports that Algeria has reopened itself to the domination of big capital.
@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ But its recolonization, which is no longer the work of a State, requires its int
The search for an increase in the value of exports through the very expensive valorization of hydrocarbons (the “Valhyd” plan) increased the external debt from 11 to 198 billion dollars from 1978 to 1980.
The tolerance of a parallel market born of shortages affecting in particular the wealthy circles, and thus of a traffic on the dinar eroding its value, all the more accepted as the ruling circles profited from it, confirmed the increased fragmentation of the “Front” in power into antagonistic social classes, by linking it to the bourgeoisie.
Under Chadli's presidency, the slowdown and then the cessation of productive public investment, the successive increases in the ceiling of private capitalizations, the opening (often against mafia commissions) to international capital, the recognition of currency trafficking, the “restructuring” of public enterprises aimed at their profitability often at the expense of production, such as those of the units of the Agrarian Revolution, have only aggravated the dependence on the nascent Algerian capitalism, itself linked to its foreign counterpart.
Having become a “rentier” by ceasing to invest, the State saw its debt increased to $25 billion in 1986 by the first fall in the price of crude oil and its annual service reach and then exceed its trade surplus.
Having become a “rentier” by ceasing to invest, the State saw its debt increased to \$25 billion in 1986 by the first fall in the price of crude oil and its annual service reach and then exceed its trade surplus.
The rescheduling granted in 1994 (until 1998 and 2002) was granted in exchange for the IMF's “conditionalities”: structural adjustment, over the past four years, has confirmed the direction that led to it: openness, devaluation, privatization, liberalization.
The efforts of the “good student” did not even prevent, in the winter of 1998, the macroeconomic “good results” from being cancelled out by the fall in crude oil prices, in the absence of new sources of income.
4
20 African independencies and communism (1960-1998), Francis Arzalier.txt
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ in Algeria, the debt-to-export revenue ratio is 308\%, in Morocco 247\%, in Egyp
Many experts from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, can even afford the luxury of recognizing that many of these debts can never be repaid:
the African continent and its peoples must remain crushed by the straitjacket of debt.
Debt is for the great financial and political powers more political weapon than source of profit:
sub-Saharan Africa's total debt ($223 billion) barely exceeds 10\% of the global total.
sub-Saharan Africa's total debt (\$223 billion) barely exceeds 10\% of the global total.
But it makes it possible to impose on African governments the “structural adjustment plans”, that is to say to control their political, economic and social orientations (austerity for public services and privatization of wealthes).
Better: this grip of world capitalism is stronger in Africa in 1998 than in the colonial era.
Most of the villages of the AOF in 1930 lived in quasi-communal autarky, and felt the weight of colonial authority only through forced labor and taxation.
@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ What Western industrialist would therefore deprive itself of corrupting?
In this “market logic”, the time of the slave traders was succeeded by that of the poison merchants.
Industrial firms in Western countries are all the more overwhelmed by their waste as sensitivities favorable to the protection of the environment have become the majority in public opinion.
Therefore, to dump the most toxic waste at a lower cost along the African coasts, to pay so that he closes the eyes of some president, some minister, a tidy sum, what could be easier for the technocrats running large transnational corporations?
In 1988, a contract signed by the British company Sesco-Gibraltar to four ministers from Benin provided for the delivery of 1 to 5 million tonnes of toxic waste for ten years for a ridiculous official fee of $2.5 per tonne.
In 1988, a contract signed by the British company Sesco-Gibraltar to four ministers from Benin provided for the delivery of 1 to 5 million tonnes of toxic waste for ten years for a ridiculous official fee of \$2.5 per tonne.
Pierre Péan (L'Argent noir(Black money), Fayard, 1988) revealed some other visible elements of this problem: like an iceberg, the essential is hidden, but very real.
Another aspect of the African reality is hunger, which has become in our world mediatized to the point of excess, as a symbol of the black continent.
Who does not remember these images of bloated children, crowds fighting over the bag of saving rice brought by generous patrons?
6
21 North American interventions in Latin America, Paco Pena.txt
@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ Thus, on April 16, 1914, an incident occurred between Mexican soldiers and Yanke
Unacceptable demands for reparation were addressed to the Mexicans and, at the expiration of an ultimatum, 50 warships carrying 23,000 men presented themselves at Tampico.
On the 20th the landing took place in Veracruz. Despite fierce resistance, Yankee troops managed to seize the city and get their hands on $8 million that was in the coffers of customs.
On the 20th the landing took place in Veracruz. Despite fierce resistance, Yankee troops managed to seize the city and get their hands on \$8 million that was in the coffers of customs.
On the same day, President Wilson addressed Congress for approval “so that the armed forces of the United States may be employed (against) General Huerta... and obtain from him the recognition of our rights... ” (297)
@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ Calles exerted a harsh repression and counted with the support of the Yankee tro
North American investments were estimated at $15 million in Haiti.
North American investments were estimated at \$15 million in Haiti.
Aside from interests in sugar, transportation and ports, Yankee investors owned 50\% of the shares in the Haitian National Bank.
One of the most important businessmen was Roger Farharm. Vice-president of the National Bank, of the Railroad of Haiti, he was also an official of the National City Bank.
@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ One of the most important businessmen was Roger Farharm. Vice-president of the N
He played a leading role in the conflict between the government of Davilmar Theodore — and in 1915, that of Vilbrun Guillaume Sam — and the Yankee bankers and led the campaign that provoked the North American military intervention.
On December 17, 1914, at his request, marines from the cruiser Machias disembarked and took away $500,000 belonging to Haiti from the vaults of the Haitian National Bank.
On December 17, 1914, at his request, marines from the cruiser Machias disembarked and took away \$500,000 belonging to Haiti from the vaults of the Haitian National Bank.
Faced with protests from the Haitian government, Secretary of State Bryan signaled that the United States must “protect North American interests that were under threat,” adding that this was “a simple transfer of funds” (298).
4
22 United States, the uncomplete dream. The long march of African Americans, Robert Pac.txt
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ This drug, which acts on the brain, produces euphoria followed by depression, ir
Then come pulmonary emphysema and an overdose can cause a heart attack, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure;
the addict has hallucinations, he has the impression that his body is traversed by an army of insects. There is also anorexia and considerable weight loss. Eventually comes death.
Drugs are everywhere in the ghettos. The rapid increase in the supply of “crack” caused the price of the sachet to fall from $40 in 1988 to a price of between $3 and $10 today.
Drugs are everywhere in the ghettos. The rapid increase in the supply of “crack” caused the price of the sachet to fall from \$40 in 1988 to a price of between \$3 and \$10 today.
This decline has led to an influx of consumers with low livelihoods. In addition, this trafficked cocaine, consumable without a syringe, keeps away the fear of AIDS.
In New York State, more than one-third of crack users are African-Americans, although they make up only 14.6\% of the state's total population.
@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ On 19 November 1993, the Senate adopted a major “Crime Bill” which proposes,
These include the killing of federal officials, genocide, sabotage resulting in train derailments, the murder of U.S. citizens abroad, and murders committed with a firearm carried beyond state limits.
“This “crime bill,” which also includes a so-called “three tricks and you are out” provision and billions of dollars for prisons and the prison administration, is so draconian that neither Reagan nor Bush could have passed it.
In its essence, the project is a public employment program that mobilizes more than $30 billion for white workers.
In its essence, the project is a public employment program that mobilizes more than \$30 billion for white workers.
This is a social program if ever there was one and one that reflects the socio-political and economic evolution of the United States. ”(332).
During the debate on this bill, senators voted by 52 votes to 41 to adjourn consideration of a proposed amendment to prohibit the execution of juvenile offenders.
6
25 Capitalism to the assault of Asia, Yves Grenet.txt
@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ According to him, the state was to finance the basic industries and the private
This design full of charm for the latter had received the name of “mixed economy”. The Bombay Plan has long continued to inspire the Indian economy.
Nehru passed three five-year plans: 1951-1956, 1956-1961 and 1961-1966. Private industry was given protective tariffs, or even imports were banned.
The Rs 163 million in public investment during the three plans favoured industry and services at the expense of agriculture.
Heavy industry developed rapidly, that of consumer goods much slower. India received more than $9 billion in aid from 1951 to 1966.
Heavy industry developed rapidly, that of consumer goods much slower. India received more than \$9 billion in aid from 1951 to 1966.
The "Green Revolution" dominated the periods 1961-1965 and 1966-1970 and agricultural production grew faster than the population.
But 1965-1967 were the years of the industrial recession. The weaknesses of Indian capitalism were emerging, as was the inefficiency of the public sector.
@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ Indeed, Pakistan is in conflict with it, especially over Kashmir.
It has always oscillated between adopting an Islamic State position, which it has taken several times since 1956, and a more secular attitude.
Progressive reforms (nationalizations, agrarian reform) were adopted in 1971 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and in 1973 by Fazal Elahi Chaudri.
But a military coup put General Mohammed Zia al-Haq in power in 1978, and Sharia law was adopted as the supreme law.
The country took an active part in the war in Afghanistan and received $3 billion in U.S. aid in six years.
The country took an active part in the war in Afghanistan and received \$3 billion in U.S. aid in six years.
Daughter of Ali Bhutto executed in 1979, her daughter Benazir Bhutto became prime minister in 1988, was deposed in 1990, returned to power in 1993.
Despite the unrest, the growth rate has fluctuated in recent years between 4 and 6\% per year. The Pakistani ruling class retains many more traits of feudalism than the Indian one.
This probably partly explains the country's political oscillations. It admitted in 1992 that it could manufacture nuclear weapons and many believe that it undertook this manufacture.
@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ Thus was born the five-year plan (Repelita 1) in Indonesia in 1969, the first Ma
Government participation in the economy was strong in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, providing 10 to 40 per cent of gross national product.
These states used protectionism to promote the growth of their infant industries. Some of them claimed at that time to be between capitalism and socialism.
It was generally a capitalism where the state played an important role and where the neocolonialism of the former colonial powers still held strong positions (Burma, Malaysia).
In order to keep these countries in their camp, the United States provided aid ($2.6 billion for Thailand between 1950 and 1975 for example) obviously welcomed by the pro-Western ruling classes.
In order to keep these countries in their camp, the United States provided aid (\$2.6 billion for Thailand between 1950 and 1975 for example) obviously welcomed by the pro-Western ruling classes.
After the American defeat in Vietnam (1975), the capitalisms of Southeast Asia embarked on policies of growth in their industry, trade and financial activities.
Already in Indonesia after the coup d'état of 1965 which had caused 500,000 deaths and 700,000 arrests, Suharto from 1967 had given this country an impetus both nationalist and favorable to the great interests by developing a real colonialism (West New Guinea, Celebes, Moluccas, Timor).
2
26 Migrations in the XIXth and XXth century contribution to capitalism's history, Caroline Andréani.txt
*(3) Sarah Balabagan, is a Filipina who was employed as a housemaid in the United Arab Emirates. She killed her employer in self-defense while he was trying to rape her.
She was sentenced to seven years imprisonment and ordered to pay 150,000 dirhams (US$40,000) in blood money to her employer's relatives, while at the same time awarded 100,000 dirhams (US$27,000) as compensation for the rape
She was sentenced to seven years imprisonment and ordered to pay 150,000 dirhams (US\$40,000) in blood money to her employer's relatives, while at the same time awarded 100,000 dirhams (US\$27,000) as compensation for the rape
However, the prosecution appealed the verdict, calling for the death penalty. On September 6, 1995, a second Islamic court found no evidence of rape and convicted her of premeditated murder, sentencing her to death by firing squad.
At her third trial, her sentence was reduced to a year's imprisonment and 100 strokes of the cane, along with payment of blood money.
*(4) Véronique Akobé, an undocumented Ivorian woman who have been employed as a maid by a Grasse industrial. She was raped by her employer and his son.
2
27 Capitalism, armament race and arms trade, Yves Grenet.txt
@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ The first START treaty had just been announced in July 1991 in London when the e
The arms race imposed by capitalism on its adversary has largely contributed to the latter's economic difficulties and thus prepared for its fall, although it is not the only cause.
With the East-West tension gone, it was questionable whether the enormous accumulation of armaments and the expenditure devoted to them would not gradually disappear, allowing peoples to receive the “dividends of peace”.
It was a misunderstanding of capitalism. Although the Warsaw Treaty was dissolved in 1991, NATO continued to exist and expand to Eastern Europe.
Global military spending, after reaching an all-time high of $1 trillion in 1989, began to narrow from 1990 onwards and in 1996 hovered around $700 billion.
Global military spending, after reaching an all-time high of \$1 trillion in 1989, began to narrow from 1990 onwards and in 1996 hovered around \$700 billion.
NATO's military spending (including France) fell by 31\% between 1989 and 1996 but remains enormous.
U.S. military research and development spending fell by 25 percent between those two dates, Germany's by 21 percent, France's by 19 percent, and Britain's by 15 percent.
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ India ceded to the IMF in 1991, the new Russia did so the same year.
Cuba and Vietnam opened up to mass tourism and China restored the market economy in the “special economic zones”.
In early 1998, in the midst of the Asian crash, the Chinese state liberalized all prices except housing, health and transportation.
Today, in 1998, the 200 largest transnational corporations already control 80\% of the world's agricultural and industrial production as well as 70\% of the world's services and trade, more than two-thirds of the $25 trillion in gross global product (barely $1 trillion a hundred years ago).
Today, in 1998, the 200 largest transnational corporations already control 80\% of the world's agricultural and industrial production as well as 70\% of the world's services and trade, more than two-thirds of the \$25 trillion in gross global product (barely \$1 trillion a hundred years ago).
Associated with the debates and decisions of the G8 summits, the “decision-makers” of the trusts (agri-food, oil or armaments) intervene directly on world affairs.
In collaboration with the financial giants of global capital (pension funds, large transnational banks and institutionalized speculators), the agencies of the IMF and the WB elaborate their diktats, break economies, bring the recolonized states to heel.
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ In Sahelian Africa after three decades of development aid and ten years of struc
However, given the social gaps, it can be seen that below 95\% of the FAO standard on a national average, almost a third of the population is malnourished.
85\% of them start “hunger riots” or civil wars. At 75\% appear episodic famines...
Between 1965 and 1980, the average annual per capita income in the countries of the North (excluding Eastern countries) increased by more than $900;
Between 1965 and 1980, the average annual per capita income in the countries of the North (excluding Eastern countries) increased by more than \$900;
at the same time, the annual per capita enrichment of the countries of the South (excluding OPEC) did not exceed 3 dollars!
Rich countries, whose demography is controlled and economic instruments sharpened despite the crises, experienced a tremendous rise in living standards from 1950 to 1980.
The countries of the South, during the “glorious thirties”, experienced successively a decade of economically paralyzing political unrest, a decade of financial and technical invasion on the occasion of the “Green Revolution”, and a decade of stalemate in the external debt, with a sudden halt to all technical equipment and social progress.
14
30 Swiss bankers kill without machine guns, Jean Ziegler.txt
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ In his correspondence with the emirs, the code name used by Marcos is (as early
Swiss bankers will create dozens of investment companies in Liechtenstein, Panama, buy hundreds of properties in Paris, Geneva, Manhattan, Tokyo, process hundreds of thousands of stock market transactions on behalf of the mysterious Sanders-Ryan couple.
Despite the proverbial skill of the Swiss emirs, Sanders-Ryan's American empire will only partially withstand the fall of the satrap. New York judges indict Ryan-Imelda.
They accuse him of having made on american territory for more than $ 100 million of private purchases, settled with money stolen from the Philippine Treasury.
They accuse him of having made on american territory for more than \$ 100 million of private purchases, settled with money stolen from the Philippine Treasury.
Dozens of buildings bought in the same way by Sanders-Marcos (or his shell companies) are sealed.
Yankee judges - decidedly shameless! - even have Interpol arrest one of the most distinguished front men of the fallen kleptocrat: Adnan Kashogi, a Saudi billionaire.
It was picked up one morning in May 1989 at the Hotel Schweizerhof in Bern. He will be incarcerated in bern's central prison, before being extradited to the United States.
@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ Because the tax advisors, the conveyor networks of the Swiss banking consortium
Manila is the Asian capital of child prostitution (13')[A typo that was supposed to be a footnote, but I did not find any foonote?]. Millions of sugarcane cutters live in complete destitution.
Their children are trying to survive as best they can. Undernourishment, endemic diseases due to hunger ravage hundreds of thousands of families on the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, Vebu.
In 1997 the gross national product amounted to just over $40 billion. (It's about $133 billion in Switzerland.)
In 1997 the gross national product amounted to just over \$40 billion. (It's about \$133 billion in Switzerland.)
Two-thirds of the 58 million Filipinos live in what the World Bank modestly calls “absolute poverty.”
Do these martyred children, women and men have the slightest chance of seeing the billions of dollars stolen by Marcos and his gang return to the country? Honestly, I don't think so.
Regiments of capable and brilliant lawyers were mobilized in the service of Marcos and twenty-nine other holders of escrow accounts:
@ -199,12 +199,12 @@ In 1998, the Duvaliers' fortune, the result of a fierce looting of several decad
The Zairian people are beggars sitting on a pile of gold. The Zairian subcontinent, 2.3 million square kilometers large, is full of wealth.
Multinational mining, banking and foreign commercial companies, in perfect collaboration with the local oligarchy, conscientiously plunder the country.
In Kinshasa (more than 3 million inhabitants), Kisangani, Lubumbashi even, the families of civil servants eat only once a day.
At the end of 1997, the external debt amounted to more than $9 billion.
At the end of 1997, the external debt amounted to more than \$9 billion.
In his native village of Gbadolite, on the high river, in the deep forest that, from the “Cuvette”[Basin] (Zaire), extends across the Bateke plains to Gabon and the Atlantic, Marshal Mobutu built a real Versailles of the jungle.
37,000 inhabitants, huts made of cob, clay... and boulevards illuminated day and night, a myriad of palaces, guest villas, swimming pools, a Coca-Cola factory, a gigantic hydroelectric dam (located 15 kilometers from the village, in Mobayi, on the Oubangui), a cathedral where Jesuit fathers teach Gregorian chant to the little geniuses of the tribe, an ultramodern airport where a Boeing 737 landing every day directly from Kinshasa.
The U.S. State Department estimated in 1997 that Mobutu invested $5 billion in personal wealth abroad.
As for the average per capita income, it is $180 per year, making Zaire the eighth poorest country on the planet.
The U.S. State Department estimated in 1997 that Mobutu invested \$5 billion in personal wealth abroad.
As for the average per capita income, it is \$180 per year, making Zaire the eighth poorest country on the planet.
Undernourishment, corruption, misery and police repression claim victims every day.
Faced with the solid complicity of Western capital with the regime, on the one hand, and the weakness, corruption and intellectual indigence of the few groups of exiled or clandestine oppositionals, on the other hand, the horizon of the Zairian people is dark:
it is reduced to the promise of new suffering, repeated humiliation, despair.
@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ Mobutu and his family fled to Gabon and then to Morocco. The kleptocrat died sho
The new government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is asking the Swiss government to sequester Mobutu's property, his immediate relatives and his main accomplices.
Accounts are blocked in Switzerland. But only those who bear the name of Mobutu (and his own).
Ridiculous operation: because the financial empire of the kleptocrat, which for 38 years (reminder: Mobutu came to power in November 1965) benefited from the expert assistance of the best Swiss bankers, consists of 99\% offshore companies, Anstalten of Liechtenstein, fiduciary accounts - in short:
assets, only a tiny part of which are under the name of Mobutu. Switzerland is therefore only blocking $6 million.
The rest of the $11 billion officially sought by the Kinshasa government's “Bureau des biens mal acquis”[Office of badly acquired goods] (official title) remain supposedly untraceable.
assets, only a tiny part of which are under the name of Mobutu. Switzerland is therefore only blocking \$6 million.
The rest of the \$11 billion officially sought by the Kinshasa government's “Bureau des biens mal acquis”[Office of badly acquired goods] (official title) remain supposedly untraceable.
Let us conclude: In his Research on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote in 1776: “Wealth like health is taken from nobody.”
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