@ -4565,13 +4565,13 @@ This coup d'état allowed the oil companies to achieve their objectives by cance
Abolition also of labour law, suspension of negotiations on the rights of the Kurdish people. A few years later, several coup leaders revealed that they were closely linked to Anglo-Saxon circles.
Ali Salh al-Saadi, the party's number two and interior minister, told Lebanese journal Études arabes in 1968: \enquote{Our party was led to power by an American train}.
In July 1963, the Iraqi Minister of Defense officially informed his government that the U.S. military attaché in Baghdad had asked him to host the American experts in charge of studying the manufacture of the T 54 tanks and MIG 21 aircraft in the possession of the Iraqi army.
In July 1963, the Iraqi Minister of Defense officially informed his government that the U.S. military attaché in Baghdad had asked him to host the American experts in charge of studying the manufacture of the T-54 tanks and MiG-21 aircraft in the possession of the Iraqi army.
In return, the U.S. government would be willing to arm Iraq in its war against the Kurds.
Thus the war against the Kurds was indicative of the absence of the sovereignty of the Iraqi government of the time toward the United States\footnote{Lionard Mosley,\emph{La Guerre du pétrole} (The Oil war), Presse de la Cité, 1974.}.
Thus the war against the Kurds was indicative of the absence of the sovereignty of the Iraqi government of the time toward the United States\footnote{Lionard Mosley,\emph{La Guerre du pétrole} (The Oil war), Presse de la Cité, 1974.}.
In 1964, the Bath party removed from power, the new leaders of Baghdad showed their sympathy for Nasser and tried to establish in Iraq a socialism modeled on the Egyptian model.
After the nationalization of the banking sector and large industries, the government decided to create a national Iraqi oil company (I.NO.C.) and began negotiations with the I.P.C. with a view to reaching an agreement to associate Iraq with the exploitation of its oil.
Separate agreements were signed with the USSR and the France but the conflict with the I.P.C. resulted in the fall of the government.
Separate agreements were signed with the USSR and France but the conflict with the I.P.C. resulted in the fall of the government.
In July 1968, the Bath Party returned to power. It engages in ruthless repression of the opposition and develops tactical alliances with the superpowers.
@ -4592,9 +4592,9 @@ In 1981, the budget of the Ministry of Culture reached \$30 million\footnote{Cha
Britain had consciously drawn imprecise fictitious boundaries between Iran and Iraq. Border claims will trigger the war waged by Saddam Hussein.
France as well as other countries has lent planes, Super Etendards (French jet fighters), sold armaments to Iraq.
France as well as other countries has lent planes, the Super Etendards\rfootnote{French jet fighters}, and sold armaments to Iraq.
Thirty governments, more than a thousand companies have competed with zeal and ingenuity to equip Iraq with a powerful war machine.
A global loss in gross products of \$500 billion!\footnote{Alain Gresh and Dominique Vidal, \emph{Golfe, clefs pour une guerre} (Gulf,Keys for a war), Le Monde édition, 1991.} For their part, arms dealers have provided \$50 billion worth of arms on credit.
A global loss in gross products of \$500 billion!\footnote{Alain Gresh and Dominique Vidal, \emph{Golfe, clefs pour une guerre} (Gulf, keys for a war), Le Monde édition, 1991.} For their part, arms dealers have provided \$50 billion worth of arms on credit.
Iraq had \$15 billion in foreign exchange reserves in 1980, before the war, but in 1988 it was with \$70 billion in external debts, including \$40 billion to the West and the Third World and \$30 billion to the Gulf countries (Saudi Arabia and Kuwait).
The debt to France amounted to 28 billion francs.
@ -4607,14 +4607,14 @@ Eight-year war will kill three million people and leave two countries\rfootnote{
\section{The guet-apens}
Westerners want to retain control of oil in the Middle East, so states must not have their independence.
In Iran, when Mossadegh, prime minister, nationalized oil, the CIA dispatched its agent, General Scharwzkopf (father of the Gulf War one!) to foment an uprising against the power elected by universal suffrage.
Scharwzkopf maintained excellent relations with the officers of the imperial army, of which he had been the instructor from 42 to 48. He led the repression with his friend, General Zahedi.
In Iran, when Mossadegh, prime minister, nationalized oil, the CIA dispatched its agent, General Scharwzkopf (father of the First Gulf War!) to foment an uprising against the power elected by universal suffrage.
Scharwzkopf maintained excellent relations with the officers of the imperial army, of which he had been the instructor from '42 to '48. He led the repression with his friend, General Zahedi.
After sentencing Prime Minister Mossadegh to death for high treason, the Shah's power inflicted bloody repression on the people, especially in the oil fields where thousands of workers were murdered and in Abadan where thousands of people were imprisoned or shot.
US imperialism has always been ingenious in maintaining conflicts in order to seize wealth. He relied on the weakening of the region to ensure its economic power.
It does not want a strong state capable of ensuring its independence.
After the war against Iran, the Americans immediately asked Iraq to reduce its military capacity and decreed the embargo to make it bend.
When Saddam Hussein expressed his desire to reconquer Kuwait, the United States reassured the Iraqis. \enquote{This is a matter that does not concern us.}
When Saddam Hussein expressed his desire to reconquer Kuwait, the United States reassured the Iraqis. \enquote{This is a matter that does not concern us}.
At the end of July 1990, Iraq massacred its troops on the border with Kuwait, a movement that the US had been following hour by hour since July 14\footnote{Bob Woodward, \emph{chefs de guerre} (Warlords), Calmann-Lévy, 1991.}.
Saddam thought he had the green light, the Westerners owed him that.
@ -4624,14 +4624,14 @@ On 6 August 1990, the Security Council decided on military and economic sanction
On 29 November he decided to use all means to punish Iraq from 15 January 1991.
Moreover, the same Council has repeatedly tried to impose sanctions against Israel without any success because of the American vetoes.
Here are some examples: US veto against the Security Council resolution that imposed the military and economic embargo on Israel in 1982 due to the occupation of Syrian territories.
On June 82, the United States vetoed the Council's resolution to impose sanctions on Israel because of its refusal to withdraw from Lebanon.
In August 82, the US reiterated its veto against a new resolution that demanded Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon.
On June '82, the United States vetoed the Council's resolution to impose sanctions on Israel because of its refusal to withdraw from Lebanon.
In August '82, the US reiterated its veto against a new resolution that demanded Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon.
On August '83, the United States opposed the Security Council resolution that threatened to impose sanctions on Israel because of its expansionist policies.
In January 88, a new US veto against a resolution condemning Israel for its policy of disrespecting human rights towards the Palestinians.
In January '88, a new US veto against a resolution condemning Israel for its policy of disrespecting human rights towards the Palestinians.
In '89, the Security Council issued five resolutions condemning Israel. The US is defeating three of them thanks to its veto power.
In May 89, US veto against the Security Council resolution condemning the Israeli occupation in southern Lebanon.
In November 89, the US veto defeated the resolution protesting the destruction of Palestinian homes.
In November 89, the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly calling for a settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli problem on the basis of the creation of two states received 151 votes in favor against three votes (United States, Israel and the Dominican Republic) but the next day the New York Times published an article denouncing the influence of the Arab states on the UN.
In May '89, US veto against the Security Council resolution condemning the Israeli occupation in southern Lebanon.
In November '89, the US veto defeated the resolution protesting the destruction of Palestinian homes.
In November '89, the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly calling for a settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli problem on the basis of the creation of two states received 151 votes in favor against three votes (United States, Israel and the Dominican Republic) but the next day the New York Times published an article denouncing the influence of the Arab states on the UN.
However, this same newspaper never mentioned US pressure on the Security Council\footnote{Norman Finklsten, political sciences professor, \emph{AL Quds} 16.12.97}. Until 1990 no state had really complied with the multiple UN resolutions.
A coalition of the 33 most powerful countries in the world. Unprecedented propaganda to mobilize public opinion.
@ -4651,7 +4651,7 @@ We must forget about missiles, napalm, vacuum and fragmentation bombs. Result:
the conflict had almost apocalyptic effects on the economic infrastructure of what was until January 1991 a highly urbanized and mechanized society.
Most of the means of support of modern life have been destroyed or made precarious.
Iraq has been returned, for a long time, to a pre-industrial era, but with all the drawbacks of a post-industrial dependence on intensive use of energy and technology\footnote{Report of the mission sent to Iraq by the UN, 20 March 1991.}.
Bush promised it: An independent government managing its wealth cannot be accepted.
Bush promised it: an independent government managing its wealth cannot be accepted.
The US undertook three types of war against Iraq: military, embargo, destruction of the social fabric.
First, the destruction of military forces and infrastructure. Then an attempt to destroy national unity by manipulating the Kurdish people and the Shi'ites.
@ -4659,7 +4659,7 @@ Help and protection are promised to incite revolt and then the rebels are abando
In truth, neither the US nor England ever wanted to solve the Kurdish problem, they never accepted the independence of Kurdistan.
In 1920, the Sèvres, Lausanne and Versailles agreements did not grant independence to the Kurds.
In 1922, when a Kurdish king was proclaimed after the First World War, the populations were bombed and gassed by the British.
As early as 1991, the Kurds were subject to the embargo. Turkey is killing Kurdistan tens of thousands, but Turkey is on the \enquote{right side}, therefore unassailable.
As early as 1991, the Kurds were subject to the embargo. Turkey is killing in Kurdistan tens of thousands, but Turkey is on the \enquote{right side}, therefore unassailable.
Divide and rule is the motto, we encourage ethnic, confessional rebellions: Shi'ites, Sunnis, Arabs, Christians. Lebanon is the most tragic example.
The goal of the conflict was to have cheap oil. For this it was necessary the tutelage of a nation, the massacre of a population and the destruction of the productive apparatus of a country.
@ -4670,7 +4670,7 @@ The world arms market fell by 60\% in 1990.
This has exacerbated price competition and therefore a search for cost savings, logically leading to a drastic reduction in the number of operators on the market.
Thus, in a decade, the US defense industry has experienced an unprecedented wave of restructuring and mergers, with divestments and acquisitions of activities or entire companies in this sector amounting to more than \$100 billion\footnote{Pierre Dussauge, Professor of Corporate Political Strategy at the H.E.C. Group, \emph{Le Monde} 20.1.98}.
These operations gave birth to three giants.
Cumulative arms sales by the companies that are now part of Lokheed-Martin, Boeing-MacDonnell Douglas and Raytheon in 1996 amounted to nearly \$50 billion and were about as much as the Pentagon's acquisition budget (excluding research).
Cumulative arms sales by the companies that are now part of Lockheed-Martin, Boeing-MacDonnell Douglas and Raytheon in 1996 amounted to nearly \$50 billion and were about as much as the Pentagon's acquisition budget (excluding research).
American industry, buoyed by the collapse of the USSR and especially by its leading role in the coalition against Iraq, is widening the gap with its competitors, according to data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
In 1996, the United States captured 44\% of the market (some specialists even put the percentage at 50\%).
They enjoy in this sector a supremacy which they no longer have in any civil field\footnote{Claude Serfati, \emph{Le Monde}, 20 January 1998.}.
@ -4731,7 +4731,7 @@ Solidarity with the Iraqi people should animate all progressive forces in the wo
Subhi Toma is a sociologist of Iraqi origin, exiled in France since 1971. He was secretary general of iraqi students opposed to the Baghdad regime.
Co-founder of the international coordination against embargoes, he has led several observation missions in Iraq since the 1991 war.
\section{Before embargo}:
\section{Before embargo:}
~~~\, 30,000 hospital beds built after the nationalization of oil.
@ -4739,7 +4739,7 @@ Budget: \$500 million. Medical stocks were a quarter of a billion.
Infant mortality: 24 per 1,000. — Less than 5 years: 540 per month. Over 5 years: 650
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